Course Contents

PHARMACY ORIENTATION: Introduction and orientation to the Profession of Pharmacy in relation to Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy, Industrial Pharmacy, Forensic Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical education and research etc. 2. HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF PHARMACY: a. A survey of the history of pharmacy through ancient Greek and Arab periods with special reference to contribution of Muslim scientists to pharmacy and allied sciences. b. An introduction of various official books. 3. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES: a. Solutions: Introduction, types, concentration expressions, ideal and real solution, colligative properties, their mathematical derivations and applications in pharmacy, molecular weight determinations, distribution co-efficient and its applications in pharmacy. b. Solubilization: Factors affecting solubility. Surfactants, their properties and types. Micelles; their formulation and types. c. Adsorption: Techniques and processes of adsorption in detail. DISPERSIONS: a. Colloids: Types, methods of preparation, properties (optional, kinetic, electrical). Dialysis and artificial kidney, stability of colloids, protection and sensitization phenomenon and application of colloids in Pharmacy. b. Emulsions: Types, theories of emulsification, emulsifying agents their classification and stability of emulsion. c. Suspensions: Type, Methods of Preparation, Properties, Suspending agents, their classification and stability. RHEOLOGY: Definition and Fundamental concept; Properties contributing to Rheological behaviour; Graphic presentation of Rheological data. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROCESSES: a. Precipitation: Process of precipitation and its applications in Pharmacy. b. Crystallization: Types of crystals, Mechanism and methods of crystallization and its applications in Pharmacy. c. Distillation: Simple distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, vacuum distillation, destructive distillation and their applications in Pharmacy. d. Miscellaneous Processes: Efflorescence, deliquescence, lyophillization, elutrition, exiccation, ignition, sublimation, fusion, calcination, adsorption, decantation, evaporation, vaporization, centrifugation, dessication, levigation and trituration. EXTRACTION PROCESSES: a. Maceration: Purpose & process. b. Percolation: Purpose and Process. c. Liquid-Liquid extraction: Purpose and Process. d. Large scale extraction: Purpose and Process. RATE AND ORDER OF REACTIONS. KINETIC PRINCIPLES AND STABILITY TESTING: THEORETIC CONSIDERATIONS: Degradation: a. Physical Factors: Influence of pH, temperature, ionic strength, acid-base catalysis, U.V. light. b. Chemical Factors: Complex chemical reactions, Oxidation-reduction reactions, Hydrolysis.

Course Synopsis

An understanding of various physicochemical phenomena including solubility, stability, pH, ionization constant affecting rate of dissolution and ultimately absorption of drugs from gastrointestinal tract. Additionally how the physical and chemical properties of drugs can be modified by phenomena like lyophilization, crystallization and precipitation etc. How the purified forms can be obtained using various separating techniques.

Course Learning Outcomes

An understanding of various physicochemical phenomena including solubility, stability, pH, ionization constant affecting rate of dissolution and ultimately absorption of drugs from gastrointestinal tract. Additionally how the physical and chemical properties of drugs can be modified by phenomena like lyophilization, crystallization and precipitation etc. How the purified forms can be obtained using various separating techniques.