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Course Contents

1. Public opinion: Different classes, which form public opinion. How it is measured and channels of public opinion. 2. Elections and Representation since 1947 1. Issues and Changing patterns 2. Separate Vs Joint electorate 3. Proportional Representation 4. Restricted and Adult Franchise 5. Direct and Indirect Elections 6. Elections with or without Political Parties 7. The Election Commission 8. Election Malpractices

Course Synopsis

Elections are instrumental in ensuring democratization process of a country. Public opinion stands as the backbone of political process in a country, while elections are mostly the reflection of ongoing trends of public opinion in a country.The course focuses on historical account,electoral data and its critical appreciation and interpretation with regard to Pakistan.

Course Learning Outcomes

. After the study of this course, the students will be able to understand the 1. Dynamics of public opinion 2. Its relevance with electoral process 3. Theoretical and conceptual framework of electrical process 4. The role of election commission of Pakistan 5. Electoral malpractices and its implications


agencies of Public opinion

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formal and informal methods of measuring Public Opinion

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Election definition,history and functions

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direct and indirect elections

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separate and joint electorate

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advantages and disadvantages of proprtional representation

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methods of proportional Represesentation

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electoral malpractices

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Book Title : Elections in Pakistan
Author : Muhammad Waseem
Edition : 1994
Publisher : Vanguard Publishers



Book Title : The Dynamics of Electoral Politics in Pakistan
Author : Ahsan ur Rahim
Edition : 2018
Publisher : independently published



Book Title : Elections in Pakistan: Democracy under Dictatorship
Author : Centre for Indian political research and analysis
Edition : 2002
Publisher : Centre for Indian political research and analysis



Book Title : Elections and Political Development: The South Asian Experience
Author : Norman Dunbar Palmer
Edition : 1975
Publisher : C.Hurst Company



Book Title : Pakistan at the Crossroads:Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures
Author : Christophe Jaffrelot (ed)
Edition : 2016
Publisher : Columbia University Press



Book Title : Pakistan,Party Politics,Pressure Groups and Minorities
Author : Attar Chand
Edition : 1991
Publisher : Common Wealth Publishers







Title : general elections of Pakistan
Type : Other

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Title : election introduction
Type : Other

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Title : election comission of pakistan
Type : Other

View election comission of pakistan


Title : 2018 elections
Type : Other

View 2018 elections


Title : electoral malpractices
Type : Other

View electoral malpractices