Course Contents

1. Environment: Introduction, scope, pressure 2. Pollution: definition, classification and impact on habitats i. Air pollution: Sources and effect of various pollutants (inorganic, organic) on plants, prevention, control, and remediation. Photochemical smog. Smog. Acid rain: 1. Theory of acid rain, 2. Adverse effects of acid rains. Chloroflurocarbons and its effects. ii. Water pollution: Major sources of water pollution and its impact on vegetation. prevention, control remediation, eutrophication, thermal pollution. iii. Agrochemical pollution: fungicide, pesticides and herbicide. iv. Solid waste management. v. Major soil pollution and its impact. Prevention, control remediation. Heavy metal pollution. Tanneries. Hospital waste. Treatments of sewage, sludge, and polluted waters. vi. Noise pollution vii. Radiation pollution (including nuclear): Measurement, classification and effects, Principle of radiation protection, waste disposal 3. Forest: importance, deforestation, desertification and conservation 4. Ozone layer: i. Formation ii. Mechanism of depletion iii. Effects of ozone depletion 5. Greenhouse effect: causes, impacts. 6. Human population explosion: impact on environment. 7. Impact assessment: Industrial urban, civil developments. 8. National conservation strategy: Brief review of major problems of Pakistan and their solutions. 9. Sustainable Environmental management 10. Wetlands and sanctuaries protection: The pressures, problems and solutions. 11. Range management: Types of rangelands, potential threats, Sustainable management. Practicals 1. Examination of industrial waste water and Municipal sewage and sludge for i) Total dissolved solids. ii) pH and EC. iii) BOD/COD. iv) Chlorides, carbonate, and Nitrates. 2. Examination of water samples forms different sites for the presence and diversity of organisms. 3. Effect of air pollutants on plants. 4. Visits to environmentally compromised sites and evolution of remediation methods.